Types of heating of residential buildings and heat supply standards, recommendations for organizing an autonomous system in an apartment

What is the difference between the heating of an apartment building and a similar autonomous system of a private cottage or summer house? First of all - the presence of a complex layout of pipelines and heating radiators. In addition, the system includes unique control and safety devices. Let's take a closer look at what characterizes the heating of residential buildings: norms, standards, calculation and flushing.

General regulations for heating

To design the heating of a residential apartment building, you need to know the current standards. They are detailed in the relevant documents - GOSTs, SNiPah... Without them, it is impossible to commission any residential building.

There are certain standards for heating residential premises, which must be known when designing heat supply. They indicate the critical levels of temperature in living quarters, determine the errors depending on weather conditions and time of day. The defining documents for the organization of heating of residential buildings are:

• SNiP 2301-99... It describes the level of air heating in apartments, residential and non-residential premises;
• SNiP 4101-2003... Information on ventilation and heat supply rates depending on the type of building;
• SNiP 2302-2003... Information on the required degree of thermal insulation is indicated. Without this information, it is impossible to correctly calculate the heating of a dwelling;
• SNiP 4102-2003... Norms and requirements for centralized heating.

In addition to these documents, it is necessary to take into account the content of others that relate to specific heating devices. In particular, the installation and connection of gas equipment, the organization of a boiler room, etc.

But for consumers it is important to know the parameters that the heating system of an apartment building should have. Summarizing all the requirements from the above documents, we can highlight the main characteristics of the heat supply of residential buildings.

Most often, the heating of the stairwells of residential buildings suffers. It is in them that, due to large heat losses, the temperature in winter is almost always below normal. Therefore, the tenants of the house have the right to complain to the management company to correct the situation.

Control measurements of the temperature in the premises must be carried out by representatives of the Criminal Code upon the first appeal of the residents of the house.

Types of heat supply for apartment buildings

Despite the fact that heating and cooling of living quarters are essentially different systems in modern homes, they can be combined into a single complex. However, at present it is still a rarity, since most houses are supplied with heat using old technologies.

The most common is water heating, as one of the most adapted to various types of buildings - residential, administrative and industrial. When designing it, you need to consider the following features:

• Coolant cooling rate... For a one-pipe system, the degree of heating of radiators located in the last sections of the circuit will be much lower than that of the first;
• Hydraulic resistance... The more complex the line, the more resistance hot water encounters when passing through the pipes. Therefore, a powerful pumping station is needed to create circulation.
• Performance properties of water, pipes and radiators... In particular, it is necessary to flush the heating system of a residential building to maintain the current parameters of heat supply.

Until recently, the only option for organizing heating was a centralized hot water distribution system. It remains so to this day.

To reduce the degree of heating of the radiators, thermostats are installed. In one-pipe systems, bypasses are additionally installed.

Centralized heating of the building

The essence of the central distribution of the coolant over several houses is to create a scheme: boiler room-distribution units-consumers. It is important for her to take into account the described standards for heating residential premises, since there is a high probability of heat losses when hot water passes through communications.

Such heating of a residential apartment building has both advantages and disadvantages. The latter, alas, are more. Therefore, they are trying to switch to individual heat supply schemes. But doing this is currently problematic because of the difficulties at the legislative level.

Analyzing the centralized heating of residential buildings, a number of operating features can be identified:

• The consumer cannot directly influence the degree of water heating. The maximum that he can do is to reduce its inflow into a specific radiator;
• Difficulties in the installation of heat metering devices. Each apartment can have from 2 to 5 distribution risers, on which meters must be installed;
• Dates of switching on and off heating and cooling of residential premises. In practice, they are independent of the current weather conditions.

It should be borne in mind that for high-quality heating of the stairwells of residential buildings, it is necessary to provide the proper level of thermal insulation. Responsible for this is the ZhEK or a similar organization. Therefore, to create a truly efficient heat supply in an apartment building, sometimes residents have to make a lot of effort.

An alternative to heat meters in each apartment is the installation of a common house heat meter.

Autonomous heating of the house

Is it possible to do the heating of a residential building with your own hands? At first glance, this task is difficult. This is especially true for buildings of the old type, for which district heating is provided for in the design documentation.

However, the situation is gradually changing and the system of individual heating of a residential building is no longer a rarity. It differs from the traditional one by a large selection of heating methods, lower energy costs and the ability to turn it on (off) depending on external factors.

When designing such systems, the standards for heating residential premises, which were mentioned above, are taken into account. This is necessary when putting the house into operation. Also, adherence to these standards guarantees the creation of comfortable living conditions for the residents of the house.

There are several options for heating a residential building with your own hands:

• Water heat supply... Gas, electric or solid fuel boilers can be used as a source of water heating. The latter are rarely used in the individual heating system of a residential building, since they need to equip a separate boiler room;
• Air... It is combined with heating and cooling of residential apartments and premises. This requires a special air conditioning unit that is connected to the air duct system. One of the best options for industrial premises;
• Steam... It is used extremely rarely in heating systems of an apartment building. Despite the expensive equipment, its efficiency is one of the highest among those considered.

However, in this case, it is necessary to choose the correct scheme for flushing the heating system of a residential building. If in a centralized one it is carried out mainly by a hydrodynamic method, then in this case it is possible to apply a chemical one. An important point is the safety of exposure to chemicals on heating components - pipes and radiators.

In order to save money in autonomous heating of a residential apartment building, it is recommended to install a heat accumulator. It is imperative that the calculation of its capacity is performed in advance.

Independent heating of the apartment

Is it possible to make not only the heating of a residential building independently, but also of a separate apartment? To do this, you need to obtain permission from the city authorities and city architecture organizations.

The main snag in the organization of the individual heating system of a residential building is its adaptation to technical conditions. Most often, they switch to individual gas heating. This entails an additional load on the ventilation ducts of the house, which is not always acceptable according to operating standards.

After agreeing on these issues, you can start planning the heating of the dwelling. It consists in solving the following tasks:

1. Calculation of heating characteristics of a dwelling. This includes calculating the heat loss, the required power of the equipment.
2. Based on the data obtained, the selection of components and system components is performed.
3. Installation. After installing the heat supply, its operation should not affect the general heating system of an apartment building.

Subsequent maintenance and repair of heat supply is a problem for the owner of the apartment. At any time, government officials can check the system for compliance with the regulations. Therefore, the entire circuit must comply with standards and regulations. All documentation (design and technical) must be kept at home. It is advisable to make copies in advance for presentation to reviewers.

The heating system of a residential building or apartment must be flushed at least once every 3 years. The methods can be different - hydraulic, pneumatic or chemical.

Calculation of the characteristics of the apartment heating system

The most important stage in the planning of heat supply is the calculation of its main technical and operational characteristics. To do this, you should perform a professional calculation of heating a residential apartment or premises. It consists of the following steps:

1. Calculation of heat losses through walls and windows of an apartment. It is necessary to take into account the operation of the ventilation system if it does not have the function of heating the air.
2. Determination of the optimal power of the heating equipment — the boiler and the heat output of the radiators.
3. Drawing up a temperature schedule in accordance with residential heating standards. This will help determine the maximum and minimum system load depending on the outdoor temperature.

You can perform these calculations yourself, or using specialized software systems. The latter option is preferable, since the calculation accuracy in this case will be quite high. It is important to initially set the initial parameters correctly - the material for making the walls, the number of storeys of the apartment, the climatic region, etc.

What else do you need to know about autonomous heating of an apartment in order to plan it? An important task is to minimize the cost of its operation. This requires the installation of control equipment - programmers and temperature controllers. With their help, you can reduce operating costs. This is especially important for an electric heating boiler. For him, you need to install a two-tariff electricity meter.

The video shows an example of the organization of autonomous heating in an apartment building.